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Asama-class cruiser
The were a pair of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1890s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself, the ships were built in Britain. They were part of the "Six-Six Fleet" expansion program that began after the defeat of China during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. Between them, the sister ships participated in all four main naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05—the Battle of Port Arthur, the Battle off Ulsan, the Battle of the Yellow Sea, and the Battle of Tsushima—but played a much more minor role in World War I. ''Asama'' ran aground while searching for German commerce raiders in early 1915 and was under repair for the next two years. ''Tokiwa'' participated in the Battle of Tsingtao and also searched for commerce raiders. Both ships made training cruises during the war and continued to do so after the war.
''Asama'' continued to make training cruises until she ran aground again in 1935, after which she became a stationary training ship for the rest of her career. ''Tokiwa'' was converted into a minelayer in 1922–24. She was placed in reserve in 1927 after she was damaged by an accidental explosion of several mines. The ship became a training minelayer in 1940. During the Pacific War, ''Tokiwa'' participated in the occupation of the Gilbert Islands and Rabaul and Kavieng in New Guinea. Damaged by American aircraft shortly afterwards, the ship was forced to return to Japan for repairs. ''Tokiwa'' laid minefields during 1944–45 until she was twice damaged by mines in 1945. Shortly before the end of the war, the ship was badly damaged by American aircraft and her crew was forced to beach her. ''Tokiwa'' was salvaged in 1947 and subsequently broken up for scrap. ''Asama'' survived the war intact and was scrapped in 1946–47.
==Background and design==
The 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was made after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 and included four armored cruisers in addition to four more battleships, all of which had to be ordered from foreign shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself. Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships. The revised plan is commonly known as the "Six-Six Fleet".〔Evans & Peattie, pp. 57–62〕 These ships were purchased using the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.〔Brook 1999, p. 125〕 Unlike most of their contemporaries which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes, these cruisers was intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline.〔Milanovich, p. 72〕
In June 1896, Sir Andrew Noble, then in Japan, telegraphed Armstrong Whitworth to lay down two stock cruisers. Work then began on a preliminary design based on an improved version of the earlier . Several iterations of the design were made before the IJN approved the final design on 21 August. This was over larger, more heavily armed, and slightly faster the Chilean armored cruiser.〔Brook 1999, pp. 107–09〕 The first ship of the class was laid down in October although the Japanese did not order the ships until 6 July 1897.〔Milanovich, p. 73〕
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